| 1 | Quantum entanglement enables instant particle correlations, defying classical locality (Einstein’s “spooky action”). Applications include quantum cryptography (secure data) and computing (qubits). Study India’s National Quantum Mission for UPSC relevance. |
| 2 | Einstein’s relativity (E=mc²), Schrödinger’s wave mechanics, Heisenberg’s uncertainty (position-momentum trade-off), and Bohr’s atomic model are foundational. Link to Nobel Prizes: Einstein (1921), Heisenberg (1932), Bohr (1922). |
| 3 | DNA stores genetic code; RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) translates it; proteins (enzymes, structural) drive functions; lipids store energy, form membranes. Relevant to biotech (e.g., mRNA vaccines, CRISPR). |
| 4 | Stem cells’ totipotency (zygotes) or pluripotency (embryonic/iPSCs) enables differentiation into specialized cells, key for regenerative medicine (e.g., organ repair). Ethical debates in UPSC (ICMR guidelines). |
| 5 | Nanotechnology manipulates matter at 1-100 nm; carbon nanotubes excel in strength/conductivity (used in electronics). Environmental risks include nanoparticle toxicity, bioaccumulation. India’s Nano Mission is key. |
| 6 | Greenhouse effect traps infrared radiation by CO2, CH4, N2O, warming Earth. Anthropogenic emissions enhance it, linked to climate change (IPCC reports, COP discussions). |
| 7 | Higgs Boson (mass), neutrinos (weak interaction), quarks (hadrons) are correct; gluons mediate strong nuclear force, not electromagnetic (photons). Particle physics is tested in UPSC via CERN, LHC. |
| 8 | Golden rice addresses vitamin A deficiency by expressing beta-carotene. GM crops are UPSC-relevant (Bt crops, biosafety under Cartagena Protocol). |
| 9 | Rayleigh scattering scatters shorter blue wavelengths more, causing sky color. Sunsets red due to longer atmospheric path. Study atmospheric optics for science-tech. |
| 10 | Superconductors: zero resistance (power grids), high-Tc above 77K (YBCO), Meissner effect (maglev). No room-temperature superconductors as of 2025; focus on applications. |
| 11 | Silicon’s band gap enables controlled conductivity (chips, solar cells). Copper conducts freely, glass/rubber insulate. Semiconductors are key in electronics (India’s semiconductor policy). |
| 12 | PET (Positron Emission Tomography) images metabolic activity; PET plastic is common. 3 and 4 are incorrect. Medical imaging is UPSC-relevant (healthcare schemes). |
| 13 | ARIEL (ESA) studies exoplanet atmospheres via spectroscopy. Kepler (NASA) is retired; Hubble/JWST are multi-purpose. Space missions are frequent in UPSC (ISRO vs. global). |
| 14 | LHC at CERN probes particle physics (Higgs 2012, dark matter search). Not fusion, climate, or genetics. Link to India’s CERN associate membership. |
| 15 | Convex mirrors diverge light, forming virtual, erect, diminished images, used in safety mirrors. Optics questions test ray diagrams (NCERT Class 12). |
| 16 | Photodiodes in reverse bias generate current from light (sensors, solar cells). Forward bias is for LEDs. Electronics basics are UPSC-relevant. |
| 17 | Normality = equivalents/L, used in acid-base titrations (e.g., H2SO4 = 2N). Differs from molarity (moles/L). Chemistry fundamentals for UPSC. |
| 18 | Toxoid vaccines (tetanus, diphtheria) use inactivated bacterial toxins to induce immunity. Not for viruses, fungi, or parasites. Vaccine types are UPSC-hot (Covaxin, Covishield). |
| 19 | No verified room-temperature superconductor exists (2025); high-pressure claims (LK-99 debunked). Study superconductors for applications (MRI, maglev). |
| 20 | PCR amplifies DNA for diagnostics (COVID RT-PCR), forensics, research. Not protein or cell culture. Biotech is key for UPSC (health, agriculture). |
| 21 | In vacuum, gravity accelerates all objects equally (9.8 m/s² on Earth), per Galileo. Apollo 15 experiment is a classic example. Physics basics for UPSC. |
| 22 | Conjugate vaccines link polysaccharides to proteins for better immunity in infants (e.g., Hib, pneumococcal). Key for public health questions. |
| 23 | Mid-ocean ridges (divergent boundaries) create new crust via seafloor spreading. Plate tectonics is core to UPSC geography (earthquakes, volcanoes). |
| 24 | Wilson-MacArthur’s theory explains island biodiversity via size and isolation. Relevant for ecology, conservation (UPSC environment). |
| 25 | tRNA delivers amino acids during translation, matching mRNA codons. RNA types (mRNA, rRNA) are UPSC-relevant (biotech, vaccines). |
| 26 | Faraday’s law governs EMF from changing magnetic flux, powering generators/transformers. Electromagnetism is tested in UPSC science. |
| 27 | Surface tension (N/m) causes capillary action, droplet formation. Not a vector or pressure. Physics applications in UPSC (fluid mechanics). |
| 28 | Analgesics block pain signals (NSAIDs, opioids). Not primarily for inflammation or infection. Pharmacology is UPSC-relevant (health policy). |
| 29 | Michaelis-Menten models enzyme kinetics (Km, Vmax). Arrhenius is for reaction rates, Boyle/Charles for gases. Biochemistry for UPSC. |
| 30 | ENS, part of autonomic nervous system, regulates digestion independently. Called “second brain.” Neurobiology links to health in UPSC. |
| 31 | Vyommitra, a humanoid robot, tests Gaganyaan systems for India’s manned mission. Space tech is a UPSC hotspot (ISRO achievements). |
| 32 | Vanuatu led small island nations to seek ICJ opinion on climate responsibilities, addressing sea-level rise. Climate justice is UPSC-relevant. |
| 33 | Justice Arun Mishra heads NHRC (2021-2026), ensuring human rights compliance. NHRC roles are tested in UPSC polity. |
| 34 | WIPO’s GII ranks innovation; India at 39th in 2024, reflecting R&D growth. Link to Make in India, Startup India for UPSC. |
| 35 | Budget 2025-26 targeted 4.9% deficit, increased defense spending, revised tax slabs. Budget analysis is critical for UPSC economy. |
| 36 | Yoga Day 2025 theme promotes personal and societal well-being, tied to SDG 3 (health). UN recognition since 2014 is key. |
| 37 | Chapchar Kut, Mizoram’s spring festival, celebrates jhum agriculture end with cultural performances. Northeast culture is UPSC-important. |
| 38 | Nobel trends: Peace to environmentalists, Economics to inequality (Piketty-like), Literature less likely Asian (Western bias). Nobel updates are UPSC staples. |
| 39 | Operation Ajay evacuated Indians from conflict zones (Sudan 2023, extended 2025). Evacuation ops are frequent UPSC current affairs. |
| 40 | SCO (Kazakhstan), ASEAN (Malaysia), BIMSTEC (Thailand), SAARC (Pakistan, stalled). Summits are key for UPSC international relations. |
| 41 | Gaganyaan’s uncrewed G1 flight in 2025, manned by 2027. ISRO’s milestones are UPSC-hot (Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan). |
| 42 | PMJAY (health), PMAY (housing), PMKVY (skills), PMFBY (agriculture) align with respective ministries. Schemes are core UPSC economy. |
| 43 | BRICS 2025 in Brazil (Kazan was 2024). Rotation: Russia 2024, Brazil 2025. Multilateral forums are UPSC-critical. |
| 44 | Olympics 2024 Paris confirmed; T20 2024 India, not South Africa; Wimbledon 2025 speculative; Asian Games 2026 Nagoya. Sports in UPSC current affairs. |
| 45 | SECC 2011 last conducted; Census 2021 delayed. Census data drives policy questions in UPSC (poverty, schemes). |
| 46 | Tamil Nadu’s Project Nilgiri Tahr (2022) protects state animal. Conservation projects are UPSC-relevant (environment, biodiversity). |
| 47 | Kaziranga and Manas (Assam) are primary rhino habitats, UNESCO sites. Wildlife conservation is a UPSC focus. |
| 48 | G4 nations (India, Brazil, Germany, Japan) mutually support UNSC bids. UN reforms are a UPSC international relations topic. |
| 49 | Sinner’s 2024 Australian Open win makes him a likely 2025 defender (hypothetical). Sports achievements appear in UPSC current affairs. |
| 50 | NEP 2020’s 5+3+3+4 structure redefines education stages. Education reforms are UPSC-hot (NEP, RTE). |
| 51 | India-EU FTA talks ongoing (2025), with sticking points on tariffs, data. FTAs are key in UPSC economy (RCEP, CPTPP). |
| 52 | Telecom Act 2023 effective 2024, modernizing telecom regulations. Legislative updates are UPSC-relevant (digital economy). |
| 53 | Bhimbetka’s rock art (Madhya Pradesh) dates back 30,000 years, a UNESCO site. Prehistoric sites are UPSC history staples. |
| 54 | Kunming-Montreal Framework (2022) sets 30×30 biodiversity targets (COP15). Biodiversity is a UPSC environment focus. |
| 55 | Indus Valley economy was agrarian, with trade and crafts. Urban planning (Mohenjo-Daro) is key for UPSC ancient history. |
| 56 | Lauriya Nandangarh has Ashokan pillar edicts. Other Bihar sites (Nalanda, Mahabodhi) are UNESCO-listed. History-geography linkage in UPSC. |
| 57 | Emergency provisions borrowed from Germany’s Weimar Constitution. Constitutional borrowings are UPSC polity staples. |
| 58 | Telangana formed June 2, 2014, from Andhra Pradesh. State reorganizations are UPSC history/polity topics. |
| 59 | Swiss Franc has high-value notes (e.g., 1000 CHF). Currency strength links to economy in UPSC (exchange rates). |
| 60 | Bihar@2047 aligns with India’s 2047 development goal, focusing on sustainability, infrastructure. State visions are UPSC-relevant. |
| 61 | Warli art (Maharashtra) uses geometric patterns, tribal culture. Folk arts are tested in UPSC culture (Madhubani, Pattachitra). |
| 62 | Ujjain was a Gupta-era learning center and Vikramaditya’s capital. Ancient universities (Taxila, Nalanda) are UPSC history topics. |
| 63 | Aurangzeb reimposed Jizya, fought Deccan wars, saw Maratha rise; Taj Mahal was Shah Jahan’s. Mughal history is UPSC-core. |
| 64 | Lothal (Gujarat) was a Harappan port with dockyard. Ancient trade routes are UPSC history-geography links. |
| 65 | Triratnas (right faith, knowledge, conduct) define Jainism. Religious philosophies are UPSC staples (Buddhism’s Noble Truths). |
| 66 | Kailasa Temple (Ellora) is a monolithic Rashtrakuta marvel, UNESCO site. Rock-cut architecture is UPSC art-culture focus. |
| 67 | Ibn Battuta visited Delhi Sultanate under Tughlaq; Marco Polo saw Pandya trade. Travelers’ accounts are UPSC history sources. |
| 68 | Panipat I (1526, Babur), Khanwa (1527, Rana Sanga), Chanderi (1528, Medini Rai), Ghaghra (1529, Afghans). Battles shape UPSC medieval history. |
| 69 | Jalal-ud-din founded Khilji dynasty (1290); Alauddin expanded it. Delhi Sultanate dynasties are UPSC-critical. |
| 70 | Kabir followed Ramananda, blending Bhakti-Sufi ideas. Bhakti movement is a UPSC cultural history topic. |
| 71 | Curzon’s Universities Act 1904 tightened control over education. British reforms are UPSC history-polity links. |
| 72 | Tinkathia system forced indigo in Champaran. Agrarian struggles are UPSC history topics (Champaran Satyagraha). |
| 73 | Udayin shifted Mauryan capital to Pataliputra, boosting trade. Mauryan administration is UPSC-core. |
| 74 | GOI Act 1919 introduced dyarchy, expanded councils, allowed budget discussion. Constitutional reforms are UPSC polity staples. |
| 75 | Seringapatam (1792) ended Third Mysore War (Tipu Sultan). Treaties are UPSC history topics (Buxar, Yandabo). |
| 76 | Gulbadan Begum’s Humayun Nama chronicles Mughal life. Mughal literature is UPSC cultural history. |
| 77 | Rajendra I (Chola) conquered Sri Lanka, spreading Tamil influence. Chola navy is UPSC medieval history. |
| 78 | Simon Commission (1928) faced protests (Lathi charge killed Lajpat Rai). British commissions are UPSC freedom struggle topics. |
| 79 | Ring of Fire surrounds Pacific, hosts 75% of volcanoes, 90% of earthquakes due to plate boundaries. Tectonics is UPSC geography. |
| 80 | Monsoons result from land-ocean heating differences, southwest monsoon brings India’s rain. Climate is UPSC geography-core. |
| 81 | Ganga (Gangotri), Yamuna (Yamunotri), Brahmaputra (Kailash), Indus (Mansarovar). River origins are UPSC geography staples. |
| 82 | Coral bleaching 2025 hit Great Barrier Reef, Andamans, Maldives due to warming oceans. Coral ecosystems are UPSC environment topics. |
| 83 | Narmada flows westward, forming rift valley estuaries. River systems are UPSC geography focus. |
| 84 | Nilgiri and Sunderbans are UNESCO biosphere reserves, rich in biodiversity. Conservation is UPSC environment-core. |
| 85 | Western Ghats: biodiversity hotspot, monsoon barrier, pre-Cambrian origin. Compare with Himalayas for UPSC geography. |
| 86 | Yellow River (Hwang Ho) in China, key for agriculture but flood-prone. World rivers are UPSC geography topics. |
| 87 | Assam and Gujarat lead India’s petroleum production (ONGC fields). Energy resources are UPSC economy-geography links. |
| 88 | Indira Gandhi Canal draws from Sutlej via Harike Barrage, irrigating Rajasthan. Irrigation projects are UPSC geography staples. |
| 89 | Deserts’ high diurnal range due to sand’s low specific heat, clear skies. Climate zones are UPSC geography topics. |
| 90 | Equatorial (Amazon), Mediterranean (California), Tundra (Siberia), Savanna (Africa). Climate classification is UPSC geography-core. |
| 91 | Thar is a hot desert, rain-shadowed by Aravallis. Desert types are UPSC geography topics. |
| 92 | Sydney (151°E) is ~10 hours ahead of Greenwich (15°/hr). Noon GMT = 10 p.m. Sydney. Time zones are UPSC geography. |
| 93 | Manganese (Odisha), copper (Rajasthan) are major deposits. Mineral resources are UPSC geography-economy links. |
| 94 | Parallels decrease in length poleward due to Earth’s curvature. Latitude-longitude is UPSC geography basics. |
| 95 | Terai is marshy, fertile, below Himalayas. Regional geography is UPSC-critical (Bhabar, Khadar). |
| 96 | Deccan Plateau bounded by Western and Eastern Ghats, Vindhyas. Plateaus are UPSC geography topics. |
| 97 | Pithoragarh borders China (Indo-Tibetan border). Himalayan geopolitics is UPSC geography-polity. |
| 98 | Antarctic Circumpolar Current flows in Southern Ocean, linking major oceans. Ocean currents are UPSC geography. |
| 99 | Harmonious construction reconciles conflicting constitutional provisions. Judicial principles are UPSC polity staples. |
| 100 | 101st Amendment (2016) introduced GST, unifying indirect taxes. Amendments are UPSC polity-economy links. |
| 101 | Article 340 identifies OBCs for affirmative action. Constitutional provisions are UPSC-core. |
| 102 | Concurrent List borrowed from Australia, enabling shared Union-State powers. Borrowings are UPSC polity topics. |
| 103 | Articles 25-28 ensure religious freedom, subject to public order. Fundamental Rights are UPSC polity staples. |
| 104 | Lok Sabha has 543 elected + 2 nominated members (550 max). Parliamentary structure is UPSC polity. |
| 105 | Seventh Schedule divides powers (Union, State, Concurrent Lists). Federalism is UPSC polity-core. |
| 106 | Fourth Judges Case (2015) struck down NJAC, restoring collegium. Judicial independence is UPSC polity. |
| 107 | 42nd (Mini Constitution), 44th (property right), 61st (voting age), 73rd (Panchayats). Amendments are UPSC polity staples. |
| 108 | Article 280 establishes Finance Commission for fiscal federalism. Constitutional bodies are UPSC-critical. |
| 109 | FRBM Act (2003) targets fiscal discipline, debt reduction, revenue surplus. Fiscal policy is UPSC economy-polity. |
| 110 | NITI Aayog replaced Planning Commission in 2015 for cooperative federalism. Policy bodies are UPSC polity. |
| 111 | V-shaped recovery: sharp fall, quick rise; India’s post-COVID GDP rebounded 8.2% in FY22. Economy recovery is UPSC-hot. |
| 112 | Competition Act 2002 curbs monopolies, anti-competitive practices (CCI enforcement). Competition policy is UPSC economy. |
| 113 | MGNREGA guarantees 100 days rural employment, legally enforceable. Rural development is UPSC economy-social issues. |
| 114 | SDGs target 2030 for global development (17 goals). UN frameworks are UPSC international relations. |
| 115 | Article 266 covers Consolidated, Contingency Funds, Public Account. Public finance is UPSC polity-economy. |
| 116 | RBI’s inflation target is 4% ±2% under MPC, set by 2016 amendment. Monetary policy is UPSC economy-core. |
| 117 | Startup India (2016) offers tax breaks, funding via SIDBI. Entrepreneurship is UPSC economy topic. |
| 118 | UPI (NPCI) enables real-time payments, expanded to countries like UAE, Singapore. Digital economy is UPSC-hot. |
| 119 | MPC sets inflation targets; RBI Governor chairs, Finance Minister influences policy. Monetary policy is UPSC economy. |
| 120 | Economic Survey 2024 projects 6.5-7% growth, reflecting resilience. GDP trends are UPSC economy staples. |
| 121 | India ranked 39th in GII 2024, up due to innovation policies. Rankings are UPSC current affairs. |
| 122 | Capital expenditure funds assets (roads, railways); others are revenue expenses. Budget terms are UPSC economy. |
| 123 | Singapore is India’s top FDI source due to tax treaties. FDI trends are UPSC economy-international relations. |
| 124 | 15th FC (2020-2026) recommends fiscal devolution. Finance Commissions are UPSC polity-economy. |
| 125 | First Economic Census 1977; latest 2019. Economic data is UPSC economy topic. |
| 126 | Doctrine of Eclipse renders laws dormant if against Fundamental Rights. Constitutional doctrines are UPSC polity. |
| 127 | Bihar Panchayat Raj Act 2006 strengthened local governance. State laws are UPSC polity for BPSC. |
| 128 | GOI Act 1858, Councils Acts 1861/1892, Minto-Morley 1909 shaped governance. Constitutional history is UPSC polity. |
| 129 | Wavell’s Simla Conference (1945) aimed for Indian self-rule talks. British plans are UPSC freedom struggle. |
| 130 | Yandabo (1826) ended First Anglo-Burmese War, ceding Assam. Treaties are UPSC history. |
| 131 | Portuguese had no major factory in Bihar; Patna was Dutch/English hub. European trade is UPSC history. |
| 132 | Dandi Salt March (1930) was Gandhi’s first major civil disobedience. Freedom struggle is UPSC-core. |
| 133 | INA trials at Red Fort (1945-46) sparked nationalist fervor. Post-WWII events are UPSC history. |
| 134 | Jayaprakash Narayan, ‘Lok Nayak,’ led 1970s Total Revolution. Bihar leaders are BPSC-critical. |
| 135 | Rowlatt Act (1919) led to Jallianwala Bagh massacre, sparking protests. Freedom struggle triggers are UPSC history. |
| 136 | Theosophical (Besant), Young Bengal (Derozio), Aligarh (Sir Syed), Rehnumai (Naoroji). Reform movements are UPSC history. |
| 137 | Aruna Asaf Ali, ‘Heroine of 1942,’ led Quit India underground. Women freedom fighters are UPSC history. |
| 138 | Gandhi was not in Interim Government (1946); others were key. Independence transition is UPSC history. |
| 139 | Subhas Bose’s “The Indian Struggle” details INA, nationalism. Books by leaders are UPSC history topics. |
| 140 | Poona Pact (1932) ensured reserved seats for depressed classes. Gandhi-Ambedkar agreements are UPSC history. |
| 141 | ‘BLUE’ to ‘YOFV’ reverses letters (B-Y, L-O, U-F, E-V). ‘GREEN’ = ‘TIVVM’ (G-T, R-I, E-V, E-V, N-M). Code-breaking is UPSC mental ability. |
| 142 | X north, Z east of Y, W opposite Z (west), W right of X (south). W south is true. Spatial reasoning is UPSC mental ability. |
| 143 | Buy 100, sell 120 (+20), buy back 80 (-40). Net: 120 – 80 = 40 profit. Profit-loss is UPSC mental ability. |
| 144 | Circle (diameter), square (side), rectangle (diagonal) are geometric; altitude is positional. Odd-one-out is UPSC mental ability. |
| 145 | Series: 7, 10 (+3), 16 (+6), 25 (+9), 37 (+12), 52 (+15). Differences increase by 3. Number series is UPSC mental ability. |
| 146 | Rows are primes: 2,3,5; 7,11,13; 17,19,23. Missing is 19. Prime number patterns are UPSC mental ability. |
| 147 | Some doctors are engineers, all engineers are scientists, so some doctors are scientists. Not all scientists are doctors. Syllogisms are UPSC mental ability. |
| 148 | ‘SUMMER’ to ‘HFNNVI’ shifts each letter +1 (S-H, U-F, etc.). ‘WINTER’ = ‘DRMGVI’. Coding-decoding is UPSC mental ability. |
| 149 | All groups are primes except 13,17,19 (not all prime differences). Odd group identification is UPSC mental ability. |
| 150 | P west of Q (6 km), S north of R (4 km), Q northeast of R (5 km). Coordinates yield distance √41 km via Pythagoras. Distance problems are UPSC mental ability. |
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