
Study Material: Nanda Dynasty (c. 345–321 BCE)
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The Nanda Dynasty was a pivotal ruling house of the Magadha kingdom in ancient India, succeeding the Haryanka and Shishunaga dynasties. Known for its immense wealth, vast military might, and centralized administration, the Nanda Dynasty transformed Magadha into a dominant…

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The Vedic period, spanning approximately from 1500 to 500 BCE, encompasses the Early Vedic period (c. 1500–1000 BCE, reflected in the Rigveda) and the Later Vedic period (c. 1000–500 BCE, seen in the Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and early…

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The Haryanka Dynasty, the first recorded rulers of ancient Magadha (c. 600–321 BCE), established political and military dominance in northern India. Notable leaders Bimbisara, Ajatashatru, and Udayin transformed the region through expansion, administrative innovations, and religious patronage, particularly of Buddhism…

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Panchala was a significant kingdom in ancient India, evolving from a Vedic tribal confederacy into one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the Iron Age (c. 6th century BCE). Located in the fertile Ganges-Yamuna Doab region, primarily in modern-day western Uttar…

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The Kuru kingdom was a prominent political and cultural entity in ancient India, evolving from a Vedic tribal confederacy into one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the Iron Age (c. 6th century BCE). Located in the northwestern plains of the…

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Gandhara was an ancient region and Mahajanapada in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, encompassing parts of modern-day northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Renowned for its strategic location, cultural synthesis, and contributions to art, religion, and learning, Gandhara played a pivotal role…

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The period of the Mahajanapadas (c. 600–321 BCE) marks a significant phase in ancient Indian history, characterized by the emergence of large territorial states and early republics. This era, following the Later Vedic period, saw urbanization, economic growth, and political…

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The Later Vedic period, spanning roughly from 1000 to 500 BCE, marks the evolution of Vedic civilization in ancient India following the Rigvedic period (c. 1500–1000 BCE). This phase, reflected in texts like the Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and…

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The Rigveda stands as one of the most ancient and revered texts in human history, forming the cornerstone of Vedic literature and the spiritual heritage of ancient Indian civilization. This sacred scripture, composed in an early form of Sanskrit, is…

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The Harappan Civilization, named after its type-site Harappa, was a Bronze Age civilization contemporaneous with ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Spanning modern-day Pakistan, northwest India, and parts of Afghanistan, it covered an estimated area of over 1.5 million square kilometers, making…
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