Tag: history
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Minimum Wages Act, 1948 for competitive exams
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Introduction to the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (Act No. 11 of 1948) is a landmark piece of labor legislation in India, enacted on March 15, 1948. It was introduced to protect workers in unorganized sectors from exploitation by ensuring they receive a minimum level of remuneration for their labor. The…
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Factories Act, 1948
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Factories Act, 1948: Comprehensive Study Material The Factories Act, 1948 is a pivotal piece of legislation in India aimed at regulating labor conditions in factories to ensure the health, safety, and welfare of workers. Enacted on September 23, 1948, and effective from April 1, 1949, it consolidates and amends previous laws related to factory labor.…
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Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
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Comprehensive Study Material: Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code) is a landmark legislation in India that consolidates and amends 13 previous labor laws related to occupational safety, health, and working conditions. It replaces acts such as the Factories Act, 1948; Mines Act,…
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Code on Wages, 2019
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Comprehensive Study Material on the Code on Wages, 2019 Introduction The Code on Wages, 2019 (CoW 2019) is a landmark legislation in India’s labour reform agenda, enacted on August 8, 2019, to consolidate and amend four existing central laws: the Payment of Wages Act, 1936; the Minimum Wages Act, 1948; the Payment of Bonus Act,…
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Industrial Relations Code, 2020
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Comprehensive Study Material on the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 Introduction The Industrial Relations Code, 2020 (IRC 2020) is a pivotal piece of legislation in India’s labour law reforms, enacted as part of a broader initiative to consolidate and modernize outdated labour laws. Introduced in Parliament on September 19, 2020, and passed amidst significant debate, it…
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Regional Economic Cooperation
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Comprehensive Study Material for CrackTarget.com Welcome to this detailed study guide on key regional economic cooperation organizations and initiatives. This material is tailored for competitive exams like UPSC, SSC, and others, focusing on definitions, objectives, members, India’s role, achievements, challenges, and recent developments as of November 2025. Use the tables for quick revision, and memorize…
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Detailed Study Materials: Poverty Alleviation and Employment for UPSC EPFO Exam
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1. Types of Poverty Conceptual Framework Poverty refers to the inability to meet basic needs — food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education — due to insufficient resources. It is multidimensional, encompassing social exclusion, lack of opportunities, and deprivation of dignity. Poverty alleviation policies aim to break the cycle of deprivation, often linked with employment generation,…
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Indian Labour Laws – UPSC Level MCQs EPFO APFC
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Factories Act, 1948 Minimum Wages Act, 1948 Payment of Wages Act, 1936 Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Child…
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Introduction to the Role of Women in the Indian Independence Movement
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The participation of women in the Indian independence movement represented a significant shift from traditional societal roles, contributing to both political activism and social reform. Women leaders emerged as pivotal figures, advocating for self-rule while challenging patriarchal norms and colonial oppression. Influenced by education, nationalist ideologies, and global feminist movements, they engaged in protests, organizational…
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Constitutional Developments in British India
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The constitutional developments in British India during the early 20th century represented incremental reforms aimed at addressing Indian demands for greater representation while maintaining British control. Key legislations included the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms), the Government of India Act of 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms), and the Government of India Act of 1935. These…