Comprehensive Study Material: Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020

The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code) is a landmark legislation in India that consolidates and amends 13 previous labor laws related to occupational safety, health, and working conditions. It replaces acts such as the Factories Act, 1948; Mines Act, 1952; Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970; Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979; and others concerning dock workers, building and construction workers, plantations, beedi and cigar workers, motor transport workers, sales promotion employees, working journalists, and cine workers. The Code aims to simplify compliance, enhance worker welfare, and promote a safe working environment across various sectors.

This study material is structured for easy understanding: an overview, key definitions from Section 2 of the Act, chapter-wise summaries with key provisions, and additional notes on implications and changes. It is designed as a long, detailed resource for exams, research, or professional reference. Focus on memorizing definitions, duties, rights, and penalties, as they are frequently tested.

Objectives of the OSH Code, 2020

• To consolidate fragmented labor laws into a single code with 143 provisions (down from 633 in previous laws) for streamlined regulation.
• To ensure occupational safety, health, and decent working conditions for workers in factories, mines, docks, plantations, construction, and other establishments.
• To protect vulnerable groups like contract labor, inter-state migrant workers, women, and audio-visual workers.
• To promote employer accountability, employee rights, and government oversight through advisory boards and inspectors.
• To facilitate ease of doing business by introducing electronic registration, single licenses, and exemptions in special cases (e.g., emergencies or new establishments).

Applicability

• General Scope: Applies to establishments with 10 or more workers in industries, trade, business, manufacturing, or occupations; motor transport, newspaper establishments, audio-visual production, building/construction work, or plantations.
  
• Specific Thresholds: Factories (20 workers with power aid or 40 without); no threshold for hazardous activities notified by the Central Government.
  
• Exclusions: Offices of Central/State Governments and warships (but applies to contract labor in such offices). Mines, major ports, and certain controlled industries fall under Central Government; factories and others under State Governments.
  
• Coverage: Includes all employees (skilled/unskilled/manual/technical), but excludes apprentices under the Apprentices Act, 1961, and members of the Armed Forces.

Key Definitions as Mentioned in Section 2 of the Act

Section 2 provides foundational definitions. Below is a comprehensive list extracted from the Act, structured as: Term (Subsection) – Definition. These are critical for interpreting the Code’s provisions.

• Adolescent (2(1)(a)) – Shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (i) of section 2 of the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (a person who has completed 14 years but not 18).
  
• Adult (2(1)(b)) – Means a person who has completed his eighteenth year of age.
• Agent (2(1)(c)) – When used in relation to a mine, means every person, whether appointed as such or not, who, acting or purporting to act on behalf of the owner, takes part in the management, control, supervision or direction of such mine or of any part thereof.
• Appropriate Government (2(1)(d)) – Means (i) Central Government for establishments like railways, mines, oil fields, major ports, air transport, telecommunications, banking, insurance, or Central PSUs; (ii) State Government for factories, motor transport, plantations, newspaper establishments, and beedi/cigar work. State Government remains appropriate even if Central holding in PSUs drops below 50%.
• Audio-visual production (2(1)(e)) – Means audio-visual produced wholly or partly in India and includes animation, cartoon depiction, audio-visual advertisement; digital production; feature films, non-feature films, television, web-based serials, talk shows, reality shows, and sport shows.
• Audio-visual worker (2(1)(f)) – Means a person employed, directly or through any contractor, in or in connection with the audio-visual production to work as an artist (actor, musician, singer, anchor, news reader, dancer, dubbing artist, stunt person) or in any skilled/unskilled/manual/supervisory/technical/artistic role, with remuneration not exceeding a notified amount by the Central Government (monthly or lump sum).
• Banking company (2(1)(g)) – Means a banking company as defined in clause (c) of section 5 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, including Export-Import Bank of India, Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India, Small Industries Development Bank of India, Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, and corresponding new banks under related acts.
• Building or other construction work (2(1)(h)) – Means construction, alteration, repairs, maintenance or demolition of buildings, roads, railways, irrigation works, power generation/transmission, oil/gas installations, dams, pipelines, etc., but excludes factory/mine-related work or small residential constructions (cost ≤ ₹50 lakh, as notified).
• Building worker (2(1)(i)) – Means a person employed in skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled/manual/technical/clerical work for hire/reward in building/construction, excluding managerial/supervisory/administrative roles.
• Cargo (2(1)(j)) – Includes anything carried or to be carried in a ship, vessel, or vehicle.
• Chief Inspector-cum-Facilitator (2(1)(k)) – Means a Chief Inspector-cum-Facilitator appointed under sub-section (5) of section 34.
• Competent person (2(1)(l)) – Means a person or institution recognized by the Chief Inspector-cum-Facilitator for tests/examinations/inspections, based on qualifications/experience/facilities; in mines, includes authorized supervisors, managers, or shot firers/blasters.
• Contract labour (2(1)(m)) – Means a worker employed through a contractor (including inter-State migrant workers), but excludes regularly employed workers with mutual standards, increments, social security, and welfare benefits.
• Contractor (2(1)(n)) – Means a person who undertakes to produce results for an establishment through contract labour or supplies labour as human resource, including sub-contractors.
• Controlled industry (2(1)(o)) – Means any industry controlled by the Central Government under a Central Act in public interest.
• Core activity of an establishment (2(1)(p)) – Means the primary activity for which the establishment is set up, excluding support services like sanitation, security, canteen, loading/unloading, hospitals, courier, construction, gardening, housekeeping, transport (unless the establishment is set up for these).
• Day (2(1)(q)) – Means a period of twenty-four hours beginning at midnight.
• District Magistrate (2(1)(r)) – In relation to a mine, means the District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner with law and order powers; for mines across districts, as authorized by Central Government.
• Dock work (2(1)(s)) – Means work in ports for loading/unloading/movement/storage of cargoes, ship preparation, repairs/maintenance of holds/tanks/lifting machinery, chipping/painting/cleaning.
• Employee (2(1)(t)) – Means a person (excluding apprentices) employed on wages for any work (skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled/manual/operational/supervisory/managerial/administrative/technical/clerical); includes persons declared by appropriate Government; excludes Armed Forces. In mines, includes those in mining operations, development, machinery operation, loading, office, welfare/sanitary services, or incidental work.
• Employer (2(1)(u)) – Means a person employing one or more employees (directly or indirectly); in government departments, the specified authority or head; in local authorities, the Chief Executive; includes factory occupier, mine owner/agent/manager, manager/managing director, contractor, or legal representative of deceased employer.
• Establishment (2(1)(v)) – Means (i) places with 10+ workers in industry/trade/business/manufacturing/occupation; (ii) motor transport/newspaper/audio-visual/building/construction/plantation with 10+ workers; (iii) factories (for Chapter II) with 10+ workers; (iv) mines/ports/dock vicinities. No threshold for hazardous activities notified by Central Government.
• Factory (2(1)(w)) – Means premises where (i) 20+ workers are engaged in manufacturing with power aid, or (ii) 40+ without power; excludes Armed Forces establishments, railways running sheds, hotels/restaurants/eating places, or electronic data processing units.
• Family (2(1)(x)) – When used with reference to an occupier, means the individual, his spouse, minor son, unmarried minor daughter and dependent parents of such individual or his spouse.
• Godown (2(1)(y)) – Means a place or warehouse for storage of materials for use in manufacturing process or for storage of manufactured goods intended for sale.
• Hazardous (2(1)(z)) – In relation to any substance or process, means involving danger to the health, safety or environment.
• Hazardous process (2(1)(za)) – Means any process or activity where, unless special care is taken, raw materials used therein or the intermediate or finished products, by-products, wastes or effluents thereof would cause material impairment to the health of the persons engaged in or connected therewith, or result in the pollution of the general environment.
• Hazardous substance (2(1)(zb)) – Means any substance or preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause physical or health hazards to human beings or may cause harm to the environment.
• Industrial premises (2(1)(zc)) – Means any place or premises (not being a private dwelling house), including the precincts thereof, in which or in any part of which, any industry, trade, business, manufacture or occupation is carried on.
• Industry (2(1)(zd)) – Means any systematic activity carried on by co-operation between an employer and worker for the production, supply or distribution of goods or services with a view to satisfy human wants or wishes (not being wants or wishes which are merely spiritual or religious in nature).
• Inspector-cum-Facilitator (2(1)(ze)) – Means an Inspector-cum-Facilitator appointed under sub-section (1) of section 34.
• Inter-State migrant worker (2(1)(zf)) – Means a person who is employed in an establishment and who has been recruited directly by the employer or indirectly through contractor in one State for employment in such establishment situated in another State; or has come on his own from one State and obtained employment in an establishment of another State (destination State) or has subsequently changed the establishment within the destination State, under an agreement or other arrangement for such employment and draws wages not exceeding the amount notified by the Central Government from time to time.
• Machinery (2(1)(zg)) – Means any article or combination of articles assembled, arranged or connected and which is used or intended to be used for converting any form of energy to perform work, or which is used or intended to be used, whether incidental thereto or not, for developing, receiving, storing, containing, confining, transforming, transmitting, transferring or controlling any form of energy.
• Major port (2(1)(zh)) – Shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (8) of section 3 of the Indian Ports Act, 1908.
• Manufacturing process (2(1)(zi)) – Means any process for making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing, oiling, washing, cleaning, breaking up, demolishing or otherwise treating or adapting any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal, or pumping oil, water, sewage or any other substance, or generating, transforming or transmitting power, or composing, printing, printing by letter press, lithography, offset, photogravure screen printing, three or four dimensional printing, prototyping, flexography or other types of printing process or book binding, or preserving or storing any article in cold storage, or such other process as may be notified by the Central Government.
• Medical officer (2(1)(zj)) – Means the medical officer appointed under sub-section (1) of section 42.
• Metro railway (2(1)(zk)) – Shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (g) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Metro Railways (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002.
• Mine (2(1)(zl)) – Means any excavation where any operation for the purpose of searching for or obtaining minerals has been or is being carried on and includes all borings, bore holes, oil wells and accessory crude conditioning plants, shafts, opencast workings, conveyors or aerial ropeways, planes, machinery works, railways, tramways, slidings, workshops, power stations, etc., used for mining or development.
• Minerals (2(1)(zm)) – Shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
• Motor transport undertaking (2(1)(zn)) – Means a motor transport undertaking engaged in carrying passengers or goods or both by road for hire or reward and includes a private carrier.
• Motor transport worker (2(1)(zo)) – Means a person who is employed in a motor transport undertaking directly or through an agency, whether for wages or not, to work in a professional capacity on a transport vehicle or to attend to duties in connection with the arrival, departure, loading or unloading of such transport vehicle and includes a driver, conductor, cleaner, station staff, line checking staff, booking clerk, cash clerk, depot clerk, time-keeper, watchman or attendant.
• Newspaper (2(1)(zp)) – Means any printed periodical work containing public news or comments on public news and includes such class of printed periodical work as may, from time to time, be notified in this behalf by the Central Government in the Official Gazette.
• Newspaper establishment (2(1)(zq)) – Means an establishment of any printer, news agency or publisher of any newspaper, magazine, journal or periodical for its production (including processing), printing and publishing, whether for sale or free distribution.
• Notification (2(1)(zr)) – Means a notification published in the Official Gazette of India or the Official Gazette of a State, as the case may be, and the expression “notify” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
• Occupier (2(1)(zs)) – In relation to a factory, means the person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the factory.
• Office of the mine (2(1)(zt)) – Means an office at the surface of the mine concerned.
• Ordinarily employed (2(1)(zu)) – With reference to any establishment or part thereof, means the average number of persons employed per day is fifty or more in the preceding calendar year.
• Owner (2(1)(zv)) – When used in relation to a mine, means any person who is the immediate proprietor or lessee or occupier of the mine or of any part thereof and in the case of a mine the business whereof is being carried on by a liquidator or receiver, such liquidator or receiver.
• Plantation (2(1)(zw)) – Means any plantation to which the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 applies and includes offices, hospitals, dispensaries, schools and any other premises used for any purpose connected with such plantation, but does not include any shop or factory registered under the Factories Act, 1948.
• Prescribed (2(1)(zx)) – Means prescribed by the appropriate Government by rules made under this Code.
• Principal employer (2(1)(zy)) – Means the owner or occupier of an establishment to which the contract labour is supplied or engaged.
• Producer (2(1)(zz)) – In relation to audio-visual production, means the person by whom the arrangements necessary for making of the audio-visual (including the raising of finances and engaging audio-visual workers) are undertaken.
• Qualified medical practitioner (2(1)(zza)) – Means a medical practitioner who possesses any recognised medical qualification as defined in clause (i) of section 2 of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 and who is enrolled on a State medical register as defined in clause (k) of that section.
• Railway (2(1)(zzb)) – Shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (31) of section 2 of the Railways Act, 1989.
• Relay (2(1)(zzc)) – Means a set of two or more persons carrying out the same kind of work during different periods of the day and each such period is called a “shift”.
• Sales promotion employees (2(1)(zzd)) – Means the sales promotion employees to whom the Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act, 1976 applies.
• Schedule (2(1)(zze)) – Means a Schedule appended to this Code.
• Serious bodily injury (2(1)(zzf)) – Means any injury which involves, or in all probability will involve, the permanent loss of any part or section of a body or the use of any part or section of a body, or the permanent loss of or injury to the sight or hearing or any part thereof or fracture of any bone or one or more joints or bones of any phalanges of hand or foot.
• Standards, rules, regulations or bye-laws (2(1)(zzg)) – Means standards, rules, regulations or bye-laws made under this Code.
• Telecommunication service (2(1)(zzh)) – Shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (k) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997.
• Wages (2(1)(zzi)) – Means all remuneration, whether by way of salary, allowances or otherwise, expressed in terms of money or capable of being so expressed which would, if the terms of employment, express or implied, were fulfilled, be payable to a person employed in respect of his employment or of work done in such employment, and includes basic pay, dearness allowance, retaining allowance, house rent allowance, overtime allowance, etc., but excludes bonuses, commissions, travel allowances, gratuity, retrenchment compensation, and employer contributions to provident fund/pension.
• Week (2(1)(zzj)) – Means a period of seven days beginning at midnight on Saturday night or such other night as may be approved in writing for a particular area by the Chief Inspector-cum-Facilitator.
• Worker (2(1)(zzk)) – Means any person employed in any establishment to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be express or implied, and includes working journalists and sales promotion employees, but does not include any such person who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity; or who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding eighteen thousand rupees per month or an amount as may be notified by the Central Government from time to time; or an out-worker to whom any articles or materials are given out by another person for manufacture or processing.
• Working journalist (2(1)(zzl)) – Means a working journalist as defined in clause (f) of section 2 of the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955.

Additional definitions from other sections (e.g., Section 45 for contract labor, Section 57 for core activity) are integrated in chapter summaries below.

Chapter-Wise Summary and Key Provisions

The Code is divided into 14 chapters. Below is a detailed breakdown with subheadings for key provisions, rights/duties, health/safety/welfare measures, working conditions, special provisions, offences, and penalties.

Chapter I: Preliminary

• Key Provisions: Short title, commencement (notified by Central Government), and definitions (as listed above).
• Objectives: Sets the foundation for the Code’s application.
• Applicability: As outlined earlier.
• Health/Safety/Welfare: Introduces standards for hazardous processes/substances.
• Rights/Duties: Basic employee rights to safe work; employer duties to comply.

Chapter II: Registration

• Key Provisions: Employers must register establishments electronically within 60 days of commencement or applicability; provide details like worker numbers, activities; certificate issued; notify changes/closures; revocation for fraud.
• Objectives: Ensure oversight and compliance tracking.
• Rights/Duties: Employers’ duty to register; right to appeal revocations within 30 days.
• Special Provisions: Prior registrations under old laws deemed valid if details submitted.
• Penalties: Implied in general offences (see Chapter XII).

Chapter III: Duties of Employer and Employees

• Key Provisions: Employers must ensure hazard-free workplaces, provide free annual health exams (for 50+ workers or hazardous processes), maintain safe systems, issue appointment letters, dispose waste safely, and notify accidents/diseases/occurrences.
• Health/Safety/Welfare Measures: Safe plant/machinery, information/training, no charges for PPE/safety; specific for factories (ventilation, dust control), mines (owner/agent liability), docks/construction.
• Rights/Duties: Employers’ duties include compliance and reporting; employees must take care, comply with rules, report hazards, not interfere with safety devices. Employees’ rights: access information, represent concerns, stop work in imminent danger.
• Special Provisions: Duties for designers/manufacturers/suppliers (safe articles/substances, testing/info); architects/engineers (safe designs/plans).
• Working Conditions: Safe entry/exit, emergency plans.

Chapter IV: Occupational Safety and Health

• Key Provisions: Establishes National/State Advisory Boards for policy/standards advice; Central Government declares standards for factories/mines/docks (hazards, monitoring, medical exams); research institutions for safety studies; surveys by authorities; statistics collection; portal for inter-state migrant workers’ registration via Aadhaar/self-declaration.
• Objectives: Promote research, standards, and data-driven safety.
• Health/Safety/Welfare Measures: Standards cover exposure limits, PPE, ventilation; surveys include worker exams.
• Rights/Duties: Workers assist in surveys; governments consult boards.

Chapter V: Health, Safety and Working Conditions

• Key Provisions: Employers maintain cleanliness, ventilation, dust/fume control, drinking water, lighting, latrines, spittoons, overcrowding prevention, waste treatment.
• Health/Safety/Welfare Measures: Form Safety Committees (equal employer-worker reps in 500+ worker factories/mines or hazardous establishments); appoint Safety Officers (250+ workers in factories/mines, 500+ in construction).
• Objectives: Ensure basic hygiene and safety.
• Rights/Duties: Employers’ responsibility; committees oversee.

Chapter VI: Welfare Provisions

• Key Provisions: Provide washing/bathing facilities, lockers, sitting arrangements, first-aid, canteens (100+ workers), ambulance rooms (500+ workers or hazardous), welfare officers (250+ workers), crèches (50+ workers), temporary accommodation (construction sites).
• Health/Safety/Welfare Measures: Annual medical exams (mines); uniforms/PPE; shelters/rest rooms (plantations/construction); extend to contract labor.
• Objectives: Enhance worker welfare for productivity.
• Rights/Duties: Employers provide/maintain; workers access.

Chapter VII: Hours of Work and Annual Leave with Wages

• Key Provisions: Max 8 hours/day, 48 hours/week (spread over ≤10.5 hours/day with rest intervals); 6 days/week max; compensatory holidays for weekly rest denial; overtime at 2x wages (with consent, max 125 hours/quarter); no overlapping shifts/double employment.
• Working Conditions: Night shifts end with holiday; display work periods; special for mines (above/below ground limits), motor transport (9 hours/day), journalists (144 hours/4 weeks).
• Leave: 1 day/20 days worked (180+ days for eligibility); accumulate up to 30 days; encash on termination; advance wages for leave.
• Objectives: Prevent exploitation, ensure rest.
• Rights/Duties: Workers’ right to limits/leave; employers notify changes.

Chapter VIII: Maintenance of Registers, Records and Returns

• Key Provisions: Maintain electronic registers for attendance, wages, leave, accidents; display notices; issue wage slips; file annual returns.
• Objectives: Transparency and accountability.
• Rights/Duties: Employers maintain; workers access records.
• Penalties: Specific for non-maintenance (see Chapter XII).

Chapter IX: Inspector-cum-Facilitators and Other Authority

• Key Provisions: Appoint Inspectors-cum-Facilitators (web-based/random inspections); powers for entry/examination/inquiry; medical officers for exams; social auditors for assessments.
• Objectives: Enforcement and facilitation.
• Rights/Duties: Cooperate with inspectors; appeal orders.
• Health/Safety/Welfare Measures: Inquiries into accidents within 2 months.

Chapter X: Special Provisions Relating to Employment of Women

• Key Provisions: Women employable in all work/types; night shifts (before 6 AM/after 7 PM) with consent, safety/holidays/transport.
• Special Provisions: Safeguards in dangerous operations; no discrimination.
• Objectives: Promote gender equality with safety.
• Rights/Duties: Women’s right to consent; employers provide safeguards.

Chapter XI: Special Provisions for Contract Labour and Inter-State Migrant Workers, etc.

• Key Provisions:
• Contract Labour: Applies to 50+ contract workers; contractors need licenses (5-year validity); no fees to workers; principal employer liable for welfare/wages if contractor fails; prohibit in core activities (exceptions for intermittent/sudden work).
• Inter-State Migrant Workers: Applies to 10+; provide journey allowance, suitable conditions, report accidents; portability of benefits (PDS, building cess); toll-free helplines; studies on migrants.
• Audio-Visual Workers: Written agreements (wages, health, dispute resolution); producer liable if contractor fails.
• Mines: Appoint qualified managers; exemptions for prospecting/minor minerals; no under-18s (apprentices 16+ with supervision); rescue/training services.
• Beedi/Cigar Workers: License premises (5-year); appeals on refusals; permit outside work.
• Building/Construction: No employment of deaf/visually impaired/giddy persons in risky work.
• Factories: Approve plans/licenses; owner/occupier liability; declare dangerous operations; site appraisal committees; disclose info/emergency plans; exposure limits; worker warnings.
• Plantations: Housing, crèches (50+ workers), education (25+ children), health/recreation; safe handling of pesticides.
• Objectives: Protect vulnerable workers.
• Health/Safety/Welfare Measures: Facilities for migrants (medical, benefits); exams/training in mines/plantations/factories.
• Rights/Duties: Experience certificates; agreements; employer liabilities.
• Working Conditions: Limits/exemptions in emergencies (mines/factories).

Chapter XII: Offences and Penalties

• Key Provisions: General penalty ₹2-3 lakh + ₹2,000/day for continuance; obstruction ₹1 lakh + 3 months imprisonment; non-maintenance ₹50,000-1 lakh; contraventions ₹50,000-1 lakh + 3 months on repeat; falsification ₹1 lakh + 3 months; disclosure ₹1 lakh + 3 months; hazardous duties ₹5 lakh + 2 years; accidents (death: ₹5 lakh min + 2 years; injury: ₹2-4 lakh + 1 year); no manager in mine ₹1 lakh + 3 months.
• Objectives: Deter violations.
• Special Provisions: Employee offences ₹10,000; company liability on directors; 6-month limitation; opportunity to comply before prosecution; appeals on penalties.
• Exemptions: Due diligence defense for owners/occupiers.

Chapter XIII: Social Security Fund

• Key Provisions: Fund for unorganized workers from penalties/compositions; administered for welfare; transferable to other funds.
• Objectives: Support unorganized sector.

Chapter XIV: Miscellaneous

• Key Provisions: Delegation of powers; common licenses; Code overrides inconsistencies; inquiries into accidents; exemptions (emergencies up to 1 year, new establishments); rule-making powers; repeal of old acts with savings.
• Schedules: First (hazardous processes, e.g., metallurgical, chemicals); Second (safety matters, e.g., machinery fencing); Third (notifiable diseases, e.g., lead poisoning, silicosis).
• Objectives: Administrative flexibility.

Changes and Implications from Previous Laws

• Changes: Unified code reduces complexity; electronic processes; expanded definitions (e.g., wages exclude bonuses); free health exams; overtime consent; prohibitions on core contract labor; migrant portals; women night shifts with safeguards.
• Implications: Easier compliance for businesses but higher accountability; better worker protections reduce hazards; potential for inclusive growth (women/migrants); pending rules may delay full impact. For HR/managers: Focus on registrations, committees, records to avoid penalties.

Study Tips

• Memorization: Use mnemonics for definitions (e.g., group by sector: mines, factories). Tabulate thresholds, penalties, and duties.
• Analysis: Compare with old acts (e.g., Factories Act had higher thresholds).
• Practice: Solve questions on scenarios (e.g., accident reporting, migrant rights).
• Updates: Check notifications for rules (Code notified Sept 2020, but implementation varies by state).